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so

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but why some say the

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we have

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um

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hello and welcome to another episode of

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nasa science live an opportunity for you

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to interact with nasa experts and have

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your questions answered live my name is

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joy ung and i'm your host for today's

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show as we talk about some very exciting

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news the opening of one of the last

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pristine moon samples from the apollo

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lunar missions

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if you have questions send them in using

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the hashtag asknasa on social media or

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wherever you're watching the show today

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when apollo astronauts began bringing

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back samples from the moon to earth over

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50 years ago

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nasa chose to keep some samples unopened

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and untouched

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so why was that well nasa knew that

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science and technology would evolve

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so they wanted future scientists to be

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able to study these unique samples using

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new tools and state-of-the-art

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laboratories

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this became known as the apollo next

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generation sample analysis or the ansa

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initiative

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and this past monday and tuesday

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the very last pristine core sample of

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the moon from the apollo 17 mission

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was extracted from its vacuum sealed

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tube in one of the cleanest laboratory

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facilities at nasa's johnson space

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center

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which is the hub for extraterrestrial

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samples

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this process was months in the making

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and today we have some very special

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guests to tell us all about it

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i'm joined today by dr juliana gross

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deputy apollo curator

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and dr jacob bleacher nasa's chief

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exploration scientist who can tell us

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how data from this sample will inform

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future scientists and missions to the

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moon thank you so much for joining us

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today

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thank you so much for having us

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it's a pleasure to be here

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so juliana you've been involved in this

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months-long process to open and extract

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this pristine sample from the moon

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we're dying to know what that was like

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can you walk us through uh what these

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past few months have been like for you

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and your team

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of course um i'm happy to do that the

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process actually started about three

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years ago um and it involved a lot of

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planning and developing and testing and

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really was a collaboration between all

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sorts of different institutions that

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includes nasa and the european space

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agency um the university

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of new mexico washington university in

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saint blue is just to name a few

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um and so the sample we are talking

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about is actually a very special sample

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it is the lower part of a double drive

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tube um that the astronauts hammered

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into the ground on the lunar surface and

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that then filled with rocks and soil

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and the lower part of this drive tube

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was sealed into a vacuum container

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because it comes from deep within the

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lunar surface and it's very very cold

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there any potential gases and volatiles

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that are trapped down there um get

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sealed into this vacuum container and

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then get preserved there and so once

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that sample came back to earth it was

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placed in another vacuum container just

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to keep safe

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and really all and i'm just saying all

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that we had to do is just to you know

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figure out how to actually get the gas

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out of that container before we open it

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because we didn't want that to just

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escape

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and so esa developed a piercing tool for

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us

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and then the university of washington

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lewis they developed a gas extraction

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manifold

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for this particular purpose

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and so all of this about seven weeks ago

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all the pieces came together and they

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were they're now in our lab and we

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tested them

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and we were able to actually pierce the

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the vacuum container

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and release all these gases

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that are trapped in there and so you can

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see the manifold in the movie right here

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um

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and the the gas gets then stored in

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these canisters that you saw a minute

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ago

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and then we can we can take the gas from

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the canisters and distribute it to

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different scientists and so here you can

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see the piercing tool in the foreground

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with us doing measurements and actually

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piercing the actual sample

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and so the thing that we did after that

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um

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from medicine when doctors scan you to

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look inside you without actually cutting

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it open and we can do the same thing

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with ruxin so you can see our ct

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facility here

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and so that gave us the very first

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glimpse looking through the vacuum

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container into the actual sample what it

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looked like and it was a really good

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thing that we did that because it turns

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out the sample was overfilled which is a

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great problem to have

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but it it made it really hard for us to

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extrude so last week andrea mosey and i

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spent all of that week to figure out a

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new way of how to open that sealed

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vacuum container and take the sample out

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carefully without losing any of this

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extra salt

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and so just on monday or three days ago

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um is when we actually finally opened

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the the sealed vacuum container and took

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the sample out for the very first time

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you can see that here in the movie

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that's the very first glimpse that we

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got and so that is the first time

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anybody has seen this sample since it

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was sealed on them 50 years ago and so

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for us to be the first people to

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actually do this was extremely

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exciting um and fun to do so yeah it has

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been a long seven weeks but it's totally

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worth it

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wow that must be so exciting and the

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process is just incredible i bet most

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people at home thought you just twist

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the cap and open these tubes i had no

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idea that there were so many different

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steps and that it was so involved

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and so jake these samples were collected

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on the moon nearly 50 years ago and now

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nasa is planning to return to the lunar

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surface with the artemis program

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how will what we learn from this sample

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inform future human missions to the moon

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yeah joy it's a really good question at

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first i just want to say how super

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exciting this is i mean that's really

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cool to see that video juliana was just

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showing i mean

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that that soil hasn't been seen by

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anybody for 50 years which is so cool

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and now we're gonna learn about it

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so you know this is really an extension

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of our lunar exploration right we went

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with apollo and now we're going with

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artemis but we're going to a very

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different place we're going to the south

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pole of the moon

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and in the south pole there are some

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locations because the sun is coming at a

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very oblique angle to the to the very

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bottom of the moon that south pole of

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the moon there are some depressions

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impact craters from where um debris from

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space has hit the moon in the past and

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made a depression

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they we never see sunlight down there

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and so these permanently shadowed

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regions we call them psrs permanently

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shadowed regions never see sunlight and

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so water that maybe was delivered to the

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moon by comets or potentially

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from within the moon itself uh that gets

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into one of these traps is stuck there

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we call these cold traps and so some of

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the samples that we hope to collect now

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in this mission in the artemis program

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would we hope have uh volatiles with

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them and so what we're hoping to learn

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from this apollo sample is how well did

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the container trap all of that material

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those gases that yuliana talked about

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any volatiles from the moon

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and whether or not anything leaked into

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that sample from from here on earth

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because that's really going to help

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inform us how to do this well when we go

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to the south pole

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and just like here on earth any job that

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you might do it's a little bit easier if

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you have the right tools so we want to

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make sure that we get the best samples

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from the south pole of the moon so that

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scientists can study it so we can

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understand the water cycle and whether

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or not the water could be used as a

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resource for our astronauts but to do

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that right we really need to design that

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right kind of tool the tools to pick up

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the samples and the tools to contain the

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samples preserve them

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make sure we don't kind of get them

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contaminated with any of our gases from

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here on earth or inside of our

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spacecraft so it's really exciting not

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just to learn the science from this

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apollo sample but learn about the

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container that they put it into and how

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well it worked how well it kept those

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gases in there

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you can almost kind of think about this

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as an apollo sample but it's almost like

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the first of the artemis samples right

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we're just about to go and here we are

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opening up a new rock for the moon so

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it's really an exciting time for for all

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you've just opened this pristine moon

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rock sample

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what's next for you and your team

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okay so there are a couple next steps

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the first one we did on tuesday

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is once the core gets pushed out of its

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tube um basically onto a table that has

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a mold so it can hold the core

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and then we are we're scraping the very

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first millimeter off the surface very

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carefully because that surface has been

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in contact with the core tube basically

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and you can see me here in the video

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where i'm marking where we want to

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scrape the surface off yeah here you can

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see it's scraping

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and we do this because we want to expose

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the pristine sample underneath that has

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never been in contact with with any

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material basically from earth

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and so that cuts down on any potential

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contamination

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once that is done so we finished that on

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tuesday at the very moment we have

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researchers from the university of

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hawaii in our lab

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and they're going to do hyperstructural

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analysis on the core as it sits in the

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cabinet at the moment and that means

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they're shining light on it and then

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they're looking at the light that gets

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reflected off the coarse surface and

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they analyze that light

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and that gives us some indication of

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chemistry and how the chemistry might

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change um from top to bottom of the core

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and that can also be used for ground

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truthing any orbiters that we have going

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around the moon who look at reflected

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light

281
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and so once that is done

282
00:11:53,829 --> 00:11:51,440
next week monday is when we start the

283
00:11:55,590 --> 00:11:53,839
very tedious process of really

284
00:11:57,670 --> 00:11:55,600
dissecting the core and that means we're

285
00:11:59,190 --> 00:11:57,680
taking it apart bits by bits you know

286
00:12:00,710 --> 00:11:59,200
every half centimeter we're taking a

287
00:12:02,230 --> 00:12:00,720
sample and then we're storing that in

288
00:12:03,990 --> 00:12:02,240
little containers

289
00:12:05,110 --> 00:12:04,000
and we're doing that to preserve any

290
00:12:07,269 --> 00:12:05,120
potential

291
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layers that we can't really see with our

292
00:12:10,470 --> 00:12:08,720
eyes um

293
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and that then can be allocated to to

294
00:12:15,990 --> 00:12:12,959
scientists while we're doing this we're

295
00:12:18,389 --> 00:12:16,000
creating a preliminary examination and

296
00:12:21,509 --> 00:12:18,399
that means we're describing um what

297
00:12:24,310 --> 00:12:21,519
grain sizes we see what colors we see

298
00:12:26,550 --> 00:12:24,320
we will remove larger rock fragments and

299
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then we will ct scan them again to see

300
00:12:30,470 --> 00:12:28,800
the inside and the textures

301
00:12:32,470 --> 00:12:30,480
um and then we're creating this big

302
00:12:34,710 --> 00:12:32,480
catalog where people

303
00:12:36,710 --> 00:12:34,720
um from all over the world then can look

304
00:12:38,389 --> 00:12:36,720
at it and it's specifically really

305
00:12:41,269 --> 00:12:38,399
useful for researchers because then they

306
00:12:43,750 --> 00:12:41,279
can select the best sample possible to

307
00:12:45,750 --> 00:12:43,760
do their best signs possible

308
00:12:48,470 --> 00:12:45,760
and and so that's that's the next couple

309
00:12:51,110 --> 00:12:48,480
of months for us really

310
00:12:53,910 --> 00:12:51,120
well that's really exciting we have a

311
00:12:55,829 --> 00:12:53,920
lot of questions coming in online um if

312
00:12:57,350 --> 00:12:55,839
you have questions for our experts send

313
00:12:59,269 --> 00:12:57,360
them in by commenting in the stream

314
00:13:02,629 --> 00:12:59,279
wherever you're watching or by using the

315
00:13:05,590 --> 00:13:02,639
hashtag asknasa on social media

316
00:13:08,150 --> 00:13:05,600
so our first question is from vegan in

317
00:13:10,389 --> 00:13:08,160
the mirror on reddit and they ask if you

318
00:13:13,350 --> 00:13:10,399
take a sample from the moon and close a

319
00:13:15,269 --> 00:13:13,360
container airtight is it automatically

320
00:13:19,190 --> 00:13:15,279
vacuum sealed or do you need to do

321
00:13:20,949 --> 00:13:19,200
something with it so it is vacuum sealed

322
00:13:22,069 --> 00:13:20,959
and that's a very good question i can i

323
00:13:23,590 --> 00:13:22,079
can quickly

324
00:13:25,509 --> 00:13:23,600
give some insights and then maybe jake

325
00:13:27,829 --> 00:13:25,519
can follow up on it so when you take a

326
00:13:29,430 --> 00:13:27,839
container on the moon which is basically

327
00:13:31,750 --> 00:13:29,440
vacuum because the moon doesn't have an

328
00:13:33,590 --> 00:13:31,760
atmosphere and you just um close it you

329
00:13:35,430 --> 00:13:33,600
know like as tight as you can you just

330
00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:35,440
screw the lid on that doesn't really

331
00:13:38,949 --> 00:13:37,120
mean that it's airtight because there

332
00:13:40,710 --> 00:13:38,959
there might be grains you know from the

333
00:13:43,990 --> 00:13:40,720
lunar surface that got again attached in

334
00:13:46,150 --> 00:13:44,000
between it could be um little cracks or

335
00:13:49,670 --> 00:13:46,160
or um you know in between and so once

336
00:13:51,430 --> 00:13:49,680
you return that to earth our atmosphere

337
00:13:52,949 --> 00:13:51,440
which is so much more pressure than the

338
00:13:55,269 --> 00:13:52,959
vacuum that you have in the container it

339
00:13:57,590 --> 00:13:55,279
can seep into this container through all

340
00:13:59,990 --> 00:13:57,600
of these little cracks and nooks and

341
00:14:01,990 --> 00:14:00,000
like little little gaps basically

342
00:14:04,069 --> 00:14:02,000
so in order to really vacuum seal it you

343
00:14:06,550 --> 00:14:04,079
have to have kind of like a metal gasket

344
00:14:09,590 --> 00:14:06,560
or a metal ring that when you press down

345
00:14:11,189 --> 00:14:09,600
your lid it really seals it goes into

346
00:14:14,790 --> 00:14:11,199
all the little nooks and crannies and

347
00:14:16,550 --> 00:14:14,800
really seals um your sample inside and

348
00:14:19,030 --> 00:14:16,560
that's what the astronaut did with this

349
00:14:20,150 --> 00:14:19,040
with this um vacuum container there was

350
00:14:29,269 --> 00:14:20,160
a

351
00:14:31,829 --> 00:14:29,279
there

352
00:14:33,110 --> 00:14:31,839
jake do you want to follow up on that

353
00:14:35,269 --> 00:14:33,120
yeah that

354
00:14:37,509 --> 00:14:35,279
everything that you wanna just described

355
00:14:39,350 --> 00:14:37,519
is exactly what we want to understand

356
00:14:41,990 --> 00:14:39,360
how well that worked because we can

357
00:14:43,430 --> 00:14:42,000
update that somewhat as we move forward

358
00:14:45,509 --> 00:14:43,440
for artemis

359
00:14:47,990 --> 00:14:45,519
but it might be sufficient for what we

360
00:14:49,910 --> 00:14:48,000
need and another part to that is

361
00:14:52,790 --> 00:14:49,920
understanding how we're going to be

362
00:14:54,470 --> 00:14:52,800
collecting samples in the south pole so

363
00:14:56,710 --> 00:14:54,480
we know how these samples were collected

364
00:14:58,790 --> 00:14:56,720
and we know that this approach

365
00:15:00,629 --> 00:14:58,800
will yield a certain result which julian

366
00:15:02,470 --> 00:15:00,639
and her team and scientists around the

367
00:15:04,069 --> 00:15:02,480
world are going to understand over the

368
00:15:05,910 --> 00:15:04,079
next several weeks

369
00:15:08,310 --> 00:15:05,920
but we'll need to think about how that

370
00:15:10,470 --> 00:15:08,320
applies to where we will be sampling uh

371
00:15:12,470 --> 00:15:10,480
in the south pole because we're fairly

372
00:15:14,470 --> 00:15:12,480
certain there's water there but we don't

373
00:15:15,990 --> 00:15:14,480
know so much is what the status of that

374
00:15:17,750 --> 00:15:16,000
water is is it

375
00:15:19,910 --> 00:15:17,760
a little bit of water mixed with the

376
00:15:22,629 --> 00:15:19,920
lunar dust or regolith

377
00:15:24,389 --> 00:15:22,639
or is it bigger pieces of ice

378
00:15:25,189 --> 00:15:24,399
mixed in there is it actually just solid

379
00:15:27,509 --> 00:15:25,199
ice

380
00:15:30,470 --> 00:15:27,519
so there's a lot for us to learn um and

381
00:15:32,629 --> 00:15:30,480
so understanding really um how well this

382
00:15:34,629 --> 00:15:32,639
process that you and i just described uh

383
00:15:37,030 --> 00:15:34,639
worked for apollo how well it contained

384
00:15:38,790 --> 00:15:37,040
that over 50 years that's very critical

385
00:15:41,670 --> 00:15:38,800
for us as we start designing these cool

386
00:15:42,949 --> 00:15:41,680
groups forward

387
00:15:44,710 --> 00:15:42,959
and so a lot of

388
00:15:46,230 --> 00:15:44,720
people online are asking versions of

389
00:15:57,269 --> 00:15:46,240
this question

390
00:16:01,670 --> 00:15:59,269
that's a great question actually

391
00:16:03,910 --> 00:16:01,680
yeah that is a good question i mean the

392
00:16:06,310 --> 00:16:03,920
astronauts always describe it as it

393
00:16:09,350 --> 00:16:06,320
smells like gunpowder a little bit

394
00:16:11,189 --> 00:16:09,360
um we we don't really

395
00:16:14,710 --> 00:16:11,199
smell the sample so all the samples that

396
00:16:16,389 --> 00:16:14,720
we have are are backed in teflon bags in

397
00:16:18,389 --> 00:16:16,399
a nitrogen gas

398
00:16:21,030 --> 00:16:18,399
filled atmosphere and that's where they

399
00:16:23,509 --> 00:16:21,040
get stored and so we never ever take

400
00:16:25,990 --> 00:16:23,519
apollo samples out and expose them to

401
00:16:28,629 --> 00:16:26,000
air you know and sniff at them or or any

402
00:16:30,949 --> 00:16:28,639
any anything like that um and so

403
00:16:33,110 --> 00:16:30,959
i yeah and so you in this video here you

404
00:16:34,870 --> 00:16:33,120
can see us opening the core sample but

405
00:16:37,189 --> 00:16:34,880
it is within a glove box and that is

406
00:16:39,189 --> 00:16:37,199
filled with nitrogen gas

407
00:16:41,110 --> 00:16:39,199
so that and it's very dry so that the

408
00:16:43,509 --> 00:16:41,120
soil doesn't react with earth atmosphere

409
00:16:45,990 --> 00:16:43,519
so we're trying to keep the sample safe

410
00:16:47,350 --> 00:16:46,000
from any potential contamination so

411
00:16:49,030 --> 00:16:47,360
you really can't take it out and smell

412
00:16:50,949 --> 00:16:49,040
it so i don't i don't know the answer to

413
00:16:53,430 --> 00:16:50,959
that question

414
00:16:55,189 --> 00:16:53,440
but i think juliana the point you made

415
00:16:56,470 --> 00:16:55,199
um that smells like gunpowder is

416
00:16:58,470 --> 00:16:56,480
something that many of the apollo

417
00:17:00,629 --> 00:16:58,480
astronauts commented on so

418
00:17:03,189 --> 00:17:00,639
they actually put their suits on and

419
00:17:05,110 --> 00:17:03,199
took them off inside their their habitat

420
00:17:06,549 --> 00:17:05,120
basically like their living room sort of

421
00:17:08,309 --> 00:17:06,559
so they would put the suit on and go

422
00:17:09,829 --> 00:17:08,319
shuffle around and do the work and as

423
00:17:11,590 --> 00:17:09,839
you know from here on earth and go

424
00:17:14,390 --> 00:17:11,600
outside and you work outside you get

425
00:17:16,470 --> 00:17:14,400
dirty right and so the astronauts they

426
00:17:18,390 --> 00:17:16,480
had some of that lunar regolith on their

427
00:17:19,750 --> 00:17:18,400
suits in fact you can still see that on

428
00:17:21,909 --> 00:17:19,760
the suits today

429
00:17:24,470 --> 00:17:21,919
and so they did describe that smell as

430
00:17:26,710 --> 00:17:24,480
somewhat gun powder like so you know

431
00:17:28,230 --> 00:17:26,720
that's pretty much our best uh chance at

432
00:17:30,310 --> 00:17:28,240
knowing what lunar rocks smell like

433
00:17:31,510 --> 00:17:30,320
until maybe we go back and try that

434
00:17:32,710 --> 00:17:31,520
again that's a really interesting

435
00:17:34,150 --> 00:17:32,720
question

436
00:17:37,510 --> 00:17:34,160
yeah

437
00:17:39,909 --> 00:17:37,520
uh lara demozak on twitter asks why did

438
00:17:42,470 --> 00:17:39,919
the apollo 17 astronauts choose to

439
00:17:44,830 --> 00:17:42,480
sample from a landslide deposit did they

440
00:17:46,549 --> 00:17:44,840
also take a sample from flat

441
00:17:48,230 --> 00:17:46,559
terrain

442
00:17:50,630 --> 00:17:48,240
jake do you want to get a go with that

443
00:17:53,430 --> 00:17:50,640
sure they they collected a number of

444
00:17:55,110 --> 00:17:53,440
samples i don't know exactly how many uh

445
00:17:57,110 --> 00:17:55,120
but they did collect a significant

446
00:17:59,110 --> 00:17:57,120
number of samples so

447
00:18:01,830 --> 00:17:59,120
for any geologic problem that you're

448
00:18:03,430 --> 00:18:01,840
trying to tackle um you want to try to

449
00:18:05,110 --> 00:18:03,440
sample from

450
00:18:08,070 --> 00:18:05,120
several different locations so that you

451
00:18:10,549 --> 00:18:08,080
can understand processes that may be

452
00:18:12,230 --> 00:18:10,559
in effect across broader regions so as a

453
00:18:14,710 --> 00:18:12,240
landslide

454
00:18:16,470 --> 00:18:14,720
as noted here uh you would want to

455
00:18:18,710 --> 00:18:16,480
collect from inside the landslide

456
00:18:20,230 --> 00:18:18,720
adjacent to the landslide

457
00:18:22,390 --> 00:18:20,240
there were several different geologic

458
00:18:24,950 --> 00:18:22,400
processes that the apollo 17 astronauts

459
00:18:25,750 --> 00:18:24,960
were studying they also identified

460
00:18:27,350 --> 00:18:25,760
some

461
00:18:29,110 --> 00:18:27,360
really unique aspects of the lunar

462
00:18:31,669 --> 00:18:29,120
surface this is the mission in which

463
00:18:34,310 --> 00:18:31,679
they identified orange glass that's

464
00:18:36,070 --> 00:18:34,320
related to some volcanic processes so

465
00:18:38,150 --> 00:18:36,080
the reason we want to send the

466
00:18:39,029 --> 00:18:38,160
astronauts there is because we can train

467
00:18:41,590 --> 00:18:39,039
them

468
00:18:43,750 --> 00:18:41,600
to think quickly they see what is going

469
00:18:45,669 --> 00:18:43,760
on and they can make the best judgment

470
00:18:47,909 --> 00:18:45,679
call about what to pick up what's the

471
00:18:50,310 --> 00:18:47,919
most important sample to pick up and so

472
00:18:52,950 --> 00:18:50,320
in this case they're trying to get into

473
00:18:56,230 --> 00:18:52,960
that debris kind of pile if you think

474
00:18:58,070 --> 00:18:56,240
about a landslide one one thing that a

475
00:19:00,070 --> 00:18:58,080
landslide can do for you on the moon is

476
00:19:00,950 --> 00:19:00,080
bring you material from much farther

477
00:19:02,470 --> 00:19:00,960
away

478
00:19:04,470 --> 00:19:02,480
we're a little bit constrained by how

479
00:19:05,350 --> 00:19:04,480
far especially impala how far they could

480
00:19:07,669 --> 00:19:05,360
go

481
00:19:09,110 --> 00:19:07,679
apollo 17 had the lunar roving vehicle

482
00:19:10,710 --> 00:19:09,120
so they could which kind of looked like

483
00:19:13,270 --> 00:19:10,720
that dune buggy that they could drive

484
00:19:15,750 --> 00:19:13,280
around and they actually covered the

485
00:19:16,870 --> 00:19:15,760
longest distances of any of the missions

486
00:19:19,029 --> 00:19:16,880
still

487
00:19:20,870 --> 00:19:19,039
you look to things like impact craters

488
00:19:22,549 --> 00:19:20,880
or landslides

489
00:19:24,150 --> 00:19:22,559
to deliver material from farther away

490
00:19:26,390 --> 00:19:24,160
that you might not be able to get to

491
00:19:28,710 --> 00:19:26,400
another technique they used was to look

492
00:19:30,710 --> 00:19:28,720
up hills and see if any boulders had

493
00:19:32,390 --> 00:19:30,720
rolled down the hill and they did that

494
00:19:34,230 --> 00:19:32,400
as well in that mission they identified

495
00:19:36,630 --> 00:19:34,240
some places where rocks from

496
00:19:38,230 --> 00:19:36,640
a good distance away had come to them so

497
00:19:39,830 --> 00:19:38,240
they were able to sample them so you

498
00:19:42,150 --> 00:19:39,840
have to make those judgment calls about

499
00:19:44,070 --> 00:19:42,160
what you see around you and try to

500
00:19:45,909 --> 00:19:44,080
collect some sample of multiple

501
00:19:47,750 --> 00:19:45,919
different things that are going on as as

502
00:19:50,390 --> 00:19:47,760
part of that history that story that

503
00:19:52,310 --> 00:19:50,400
you're seeing in the rocks

504
00:19:55,110 --> 00:19:52,320
another reason why they particularly

505
00:19:57,270 --> 00:19:55,120
also sampled this region with the core

506
00:19:59,430 --> 00:19:57,280
sample that we have is that um the

507
00:20:01,909 --> 00:19:59,440
landslide deposit is very close to a

508
00:20:04,310 --> 00:20:01,919
fault which is basically a gigantic

509
00:20:06,390 --> 00:20:04,320
crack so to speak um and because they

510
00:20:08,950 --> 00:20:06,400
sampled so deep within the surface

511
00:20:10,950 --> 00:20:08,960
one of the the goals was to capture any

512
00:20:13,270 --> 00:20:10,960
potential gases and the hope was that

513
00:20:15,510 --> 00:20:13,280
the fault line would be a conduit to

514
00:20:17,350 --> 00:20:15,520
like half the gases that are from within

515
00:20:18,230 --> 00:20:17,360
the moon that slowly degas outside of

516
00:20:19,909 --> 00:20:18,240
the moon

517
00:20:22,149 --> 00:20:19,919
basically deliver into this landsat

518
00:20:24,070 --> 00:20:22,159
deposit that then can be captured by

519
00:20:25,990 --> 00:20:24,080
this drive tube um and that was one of

520
00:20:30,789 --> 00:20:26,000
the reasons why it was sealed in a

521
00:20:35,750 --> 00:20:33,909
um doc harry on reddit asks how do you

522
00:20:38,630 --> 00:20:35,760
account for what changes might have

523
00:20:40,630 --> 00:20:38,640
occurred due to time past compared to

524
00:20:44,950 --> 00:20:40,640
what they might have found if today's

525
00:20:48,230 --> 00:20:46,310
okay so

526
00:20:51,830 --> 00:20:48,240
um i mean one of the reasons why nasa

527
00:20:54,070 --> 00:20:51,840
kept these samples safe for 50 years was

528
00:20:56,789 --> 00:20:54,080
that they knew that technology will

529
00:21:00,070 --> 00:20:56,799
evolve with time um

530
00:21:01,990 --> 00:21:00,080
and so the the x-ray computed

531
00:21:03,669 --> 00:21:02,000
scanning the xct scanning that i talked

532
00:21:05,990 --> 00:21:03,679
about before that's a technology that

533
00:21:08,390 --> 00:21:06,000
didn't really exist to that extent 50

534
00:21:10,950 --> 00:21:08,400
years ago and that gives us the chance

535
00:21:13,909 --> 00:21:10,960
to take rocks you know like big rocks or

536
00:21:16,070 --> 00:21:13,919
drive tubes just we showed and and ct

537
00:21:18,950 --> 00:21:16,080
scan them which is a

538
00:21:21,270 --> 00:21:18,960
a method that we can use without hurting

539
00:21:23,110 --> 00:21:21,280
the samples and so we can look inside

540
00:21:24,870 --> 00:21:23,120
the sample and we can see the minerals

541
00:21:26,710 --> 00:21:24,880
and we can see the texture

542
00:21:28,630 --> 00:21:26,720
um and so we can learn a lot about where

543
00:21:31,029 --> 00:21:28,640
the sample comes from within the moon

544
00:21:33,590 --> 00:21:31,039
maybe and how it formed without actually

545
00:21:35,750 --> 00:21:33,600
contaminating it or breaking it

546
00:21:37,990 --> 00:21:35,760
mass spectrometers have evolved over

547
00:21:40,230 --> 00:21:38,000
time so now there's less samples that

548
00:21:42,230 --> 00:21:40,240
are needed and they get higher precision

549
00:21:44,789 --> 00:21:42,240
higher quality data

550
00:21:47,430 --> 00:21:44,799
and so again that wasn't possible 50

551
00:21:49,669 --> 00:21:47,440
years ago and with for the gas analysis

552
00:21:51,750 --> 00:21:49,679
for example that they knew that that

553
00:21:54,470 --> 00:21:51,760
wasn't possible 50 years ago and so now

554
00:21:57,669 --> 00:21:54,480
we have um technology where we can take

555
00:22:00,149 --> 00:21:57,679
that little bit of gas that we extracted

556
00:22:05,510 --> 00:22:00,159
and actually get data points and learn

557
00:22:10,390 --> 00:22:08,390
moose cahoots on reddit they ask

558
00:22:12,789 --> 00:22:10,400
are we still running projects with this

559
00:22:15,110 --> 00:22:12,799
sort of eye to the future it seems

560
00:22:16,870 --> 00:22:15,120
shockingly altruistic to gather samples

561
00:22:20,950 --> 00:22:16,880
that won't be examined in the project

562
00:22:25,029 --> 00:22:22,789
yeah so the question will we take a

563
00:22:26,950 --> 00:22:25,039
similar approach for artemis is that

564
00:22:29,590 --> 00:22:26,960
what the question is

565
00:22:32,149 --> 00:22:29,600
yeah okay like will we yeah

566
00:22:34,310 --> 00:22:32,159
real good question um so we certainly

567
00:22:36,950 --> 00:22:34,320
recognize the value in that now you know

568
00:22:39,029 --> 00:22:36,960
our nasa predecessors had tremendous

569
00:22:40,789 --> 00:22:39,039
foresight in their ability to uh to

570
00:22:42,390 --> 00:22:40,799
think through you know

571
00:22:44,230 --> 00:22:42,400
it's like imagine at christmas time

572
00:22:46,390 --> 00:22:44,240
trying to save a present or at a

573
00:22:48,310 --> 00:22:46,400
birthday trying to save a present for

574
00:22:49,830 --> 00:22:48,320
you know a year later

575
00:22:51,750 --> 00:22:49,840
uh i know i certainly couldn't get my

576
00:22:54,630 --> 00:22:51,760
children to do that but um

577
00:22:57,270 --> 00:22:54,640
it's uh you know we will certainly

578
00:22:59,350 --> 00:22:57,280
approach it in a similar way we'll try

579
00:23:00,950 --> 00:22:59,360
with the um amount of material that

580
00:23:01,990 --> 00:23:00,960
we're able to bring home on these

581
00:23:04,230 --> 00:23:02,000
missions

582
00:23:05,909 --> 00:23:04,240
and do the best job we can now and i

583
00:23:08,789 --> 00:23:05,919
would say it's probably likely that we

584
00:23:09,990 --> 00:23:08,799
will also save some sample for future

585
00:23:12,470 --> 00:23:10,000
analysis

586
00:23:13,990 --> 00:23:12,480
but there are also new techniques now

587
00:23:15,909 --> 00:23:14,000
that give us the capability of

588
00:23:17,909 --> 00:23:15,919
potentially doing some of the science

589
00:23:20,630 --> 00:23:17,919
without even opening the canisters so as

590
00:23:22,710 --> 00:23:20,640
julianna talked a little bit about

591
00:23:25,430 --> 00:23:22,720
as techniques improve it may be that we

592
00:23:27,590 --> 00:23:25,440
save some sample in containers but we

593
00:23:29,430 --> 00:23:27,600
can still do some science without even

594
00:23:31,270 --> 00:23:29,440
opening them right now so there's a

595
00:23:33,110 --> 00:23:31,280
number of different lines of thought on

596
00:23:34,630 --> 00:23:33,120
what we can do with this i think that we

597
00:23:36,149 --> 00:23:34,640
will always have an eye towards

598
00:23:38,470 --> 00:23:36,159
preserving

599
00:23:40,230 --> 00:23:38,480
material for future analysis while

600
00:23:43,669 --> 00:23:40,240
trying to do as much as we can right now

601
00:23:50,470 --> 00:23:46,630
um contour more on twitter asked does

602
00:23:52,630 --> 00:23:50,480
the moon have a core

603
00:23:53,430 --> 00:23:52,640
yes the answer is yes the moon has a

604
00:23:54,390 --> 00:23:53,440
core

605
00:23:57,590 --> 00:23:54,400
um

606
00:23:59,430 --> 00:23:57,600
it is debated how how large it is or how

607
00:24:03,269 --> 00:23:59,440
small it is but it does have

608
00:24:04,870 --> 00:24:03,279
a core so the moon is a planetary body

609
00:24:06,789 --> 00:24:04,880
and it went through a process that is

610
00:24:09,750 --> 00:24:06,799
called differentiation and that really

611
00:24:11,909 --> 00:24:09,760
means um just layering based on density

612
00:24:13,990 --> 00:24:11,919
so when the moon formed it was fully

613
00:24:16,310 --> 00:24:14,000
molten once upon a time

614
00:24:19,029 --> 00:24:16,320
and then all the heavy elements um they

615
00:24:21,029 --> 00:24:19,039
sink towards the center like iron and

616
00:24:23,350 --> 00:24:21,039
nickel and that forms the core and then

617
00:24:25,909 --> 00:24:23,360
all the very light elements um they're

618
00:24:27,510 --> 00:24:25,919
lighter than the melt um they rise

619
00:24:29,750 --> 00:24:27,520
towards the surface

620
00:24:30,950 --> 00:24:29,760
um and they build they make the crust

621
00:24:32,789 --> 00:24:30,960
and then all the minerals that are

622
00:24:35,029 --> 00:24:32,799
somewhere in between you know they built

623
00:24:36,710 --> 00:24:35,039
the mantle so the moon has layers a core

624
00:24:39,830 --> 00:24:36,720
a mantle and a crust

625
00:24:42,149 --> 00:24:39,840
and if it was orbiting the sun by itself

626
00:24:44,149 --> 00:24:42,159
you know had a nice clear orbit then it

627
00:24:45,190 --> 00:24:44,159
would would be potentially considered a

628
00:24:49,029 --> 00:24:45,200
planet

629
00:24:52,630 --> 00:24:49,039
body because it has it has layers just

630
00:24:57,990 --> 00:24:55,269
and a speed of light on twitter asks has

631
00:25:00,230 --> 00:24:58,000
there been any previous analysis of moon

632
00:25:04,310 --> 00:25:00,240
soil samples and have you found anything

633
00:25:04,320 --> 00:25:06,630
yes

634
00:25:11,669 --> 00:25:07,830
sure

635
00:25:13,830 --> 00:25:11,679
the the apollo uh missions have sampled

636
00:25:16,070 --> 00:25:13,840
um the surface uh

637
00:25:18,549 --> 00:25:16,080
in course but also in with rake samples

638
00:25:21,110 --> 00:25:18,559
or just just scooping up soils um that

639
00:25:22,870 --> 00:25:21,120
was an apollo 11 or that you know just

640
00:25:24,950 --> 00:25:22,880
took some some samples just in case

641
00:25:27,029 --> 00:25:24,960
things didn't really work out well um

642
00:25:28,950 --> 00:25:27,039
and so those are a lot of soil samples

643
00:25:31,190 --> 00:25:28,960
one of the big things that we learned

644
00:25:32,950 --> 00:25:31,200
from apollo 11 looking at these soil

645
00:25:34,710 --> 00:25:32,960
samples is that they found

646
00:25:38,710 --> 00:25:34,720
teeny white

647
00:25:41,029 --> 00:25:38,720
grains they're called inorthocite grains

648
00:25:43,430 --> 00:25:41,039
they're plagioclase grains

649
00:25:45,909 --> 00:25:43,440
and so before apollo 11 we really didn't

650
00:25:47,350 --> 00:25:45,919
understand how the moon formed um

651
00:25:49,830 --> 00:25:47,360
and with these grains when they were

652
00:25:52,549 --> 00:25:49,840
discovered the only way to explain their

653
00:25:53,990 --> 00:25:52,559
existence or or yeah their formation is

654
00:25:55,990 --> 00:25:54,000
that the moon at some point must have

655
00:25:58,070 --> 00:25:56,000
been fully molten

656
00:25:59,830 --> 00:25:58,080
so gigantic magma ball in space and the

657
00:26:02,310 --> 00:25:59,840
only way to do that is that you have to

658
00:26:04,149 --> 00:26:02,320
have a gigantic impact between two

659
00:26:06,310 --> 00:26:04,159
protoplanets

660
00:26:08,310 --> 00:26:06,320
that then made a lot of like debris

661
00:26:09,669 --> 00:26:08,320
cloud the inner

662
00:26:11,830 --> 00:26:09,679
parts then

663
00:26:13,430 --> 00:26:11,840
formed earth and then the debris part

664
00:26:15,830 --> 00:26:13,440
that went around it coalesced to form

665
00:26:18,070 --> 00:26:15,840
the moon and so if we hadn't looked at

666
00:26:19,190 --> 00:26:18,080
these soil samples then

667
00:26:21,510 --> 00:26:19,200
i mean who knows what would have

668
00:26:23,669 --> 00:26:21,520
happened but that that you know sparked

669
00:26:26,390 --> 00:26:23,679
the idea of the giant impact and the

670
00:26:27,830 --> 00:26:26,400
magma ocean for the moon

671
00:26:29,430 --> 00:26:27,840
wow that's i mean another really

672
00:26:31,830 --> 00:26:29,440
important thing that we've learned from

673
00:26:34,390 --> 00:26:31,840
lunar regolith is that it's you know

674
00:26:36,149 --> 00:26:34,400
might refer to it as lunar dust but it's

675
00:26:38,950 --> 00:26:36,159
very different from dust here on earth

676
00:26:41,830 --> 00:26:38,960
because there's no water flowing and no

677
00:26:43,269 --> 00:26:41,840
atmospheric water around the moon

678
00:26:46,549 --> 00:26:43,279
and so

679
00:26:48,630 --> 00:26:46,559
that dust that lunar dust is very sharp

680
00:26:49,830 --> 00:26:48,640
it's almost like small pieces of glass

681
00:26:52,070 --> 00:26:49,840
so every time

682
00:26:54,070 --> 00:26:52,080
every little circle you see on the moon

683
00:26:56,390 --> 00:26:54,080
is a place where a rock has hit the moon

684
00:26:58,310 --> 00:26:56,400
or something from space has hit the moon

685
00:27:00,470 --> 00:26:58,320
so what happens is you get this process

686
00:27:02,310 --> 00:27:00,480
of kind of shocking and melting little

687
00:27:04,149 --> 00:27:02,320
batches of the lunar surface again and

688
00:27:05,110 --> 00:27:04,159
then breaking them apart and shattering

689
00:27:06,710 --> 00:27:05,120
them

690
00:27:09,269 --> 00:27:06,720
and that's what makes up that regolith

691
00:27:11,269 --> 00:27:09,279
or that dust and so learning that

692
00:27:12,789 --> 00:27:11,279
process has taught us a lot about how

693
00:27:14,710 --> 00:27:12,799
we're going to move forward with artemis

694
00:27:16,549 --> 00:27:14,720
because i mentioned earlier that the

695
00:27:18,789 --> 00:27:16,559
apollo astronauts had a lot of dust on

696
00:27:20,710 --> 00:27:18,799
their suit but you can imagine if dust

697
00:27:22,389 --> 00:27:20,720
was really irritating to your eyes and

698
00:27:24,389 --> 00:27:22,399
your lungs which they did start to

699
00:27:26,870 --> 00:27:24,399
report on some of the later missions

700
00:27:30,070 --> 00:27:26,880
when they spent more time outside on

701
00:27:31,909 --> 00:27:30,080
extra vehicular activities or evas

702
00:27:34,549 --> 00:27:31,919
we've learned that maybe we've got to

703
00:27:36,310 --> 00:27:34,559
keep that dust out as much as we can so

704
00:27:38,149 --> 00:27:36,320
that's really helping inform the way we

705
00:27:40,710 --> 00:27:38,159
move forward and it tells us a lot about

706
00:27:43,350 --> 00:27:40,720
the processes that have uh have affected

707
00:27:45,110 --> 00:27:43,360
what we see on the moon today

708
00:27:47,269 --> 00:27:45,120
yeah a really really cool thing about

709
00:27:49,669 --> 00:27:47,279
lunar soil is that

710
00:27:51,750 --> 00:27:49,679
as jake said because there's no water or

711
00:27:52,470 --> 00:27:51,760
wind or atmosphere that interacts with

712
00:27:53,430 --> 00:27:52,480
it

713
00:27:55,990 --> 00:27:53,440
um

714
00:27:58,149 --> 00:27:56,000
the lunar surface has been preserved

715
00:27:59,909 --> 00:27:58,159
since its formation basically and so you

716
00:28:02,149 --> 00:27:59,919
can think of it as a museum for

717
00:28:04,789 --> 00:28:02,159
planetary science so everything that had

718
00:28:07,350 --> 00:28:04,799
happened over 4.5 billion years ago is

719
00:28:09,350 --> 00:28:07,360
recorded in that lunar soil and so you

720
00:28:11,990 --> 00:28:09,360
can think of the lunar soil as being an

721
00:28:14,310 --> 00:28:12,000
archive um that contains all the

722
00:28:15,909 --> 00:28:14,320
knowledge um the solar system climate

723
00:28:18,230 --> 00:28:15,919
you know how the sun output might have

724
00:28:20,230 --> 00:28:18,240
changed over time what materials have

725
00:28:22,789 --> 00:28:20,240
bombarded the surface that most likely

726
00:28:24,789 --> 00:28:22,799
also hit the earth and so all of that

727
00:28:26,310 --> 00:28:24,799
knowledge is stored in the lunar soil

728
00:28:28,630 --> 00:28:26,320
and all

729
00:28:34,149 --> 00:28:28,640
we have to do is learn how to read this

730
00:28:39,110 --> 00:28:36,950
so taylor on twitter asks did nasa come

731
00:28:41,990 --> 00:28:39,120
up with a better way to collect moon

732
00:28:44,310 --> 00:28:42,000
rock samples for artemis as compared to

733
00:28:47,350 --> 00:28:44,320
apollo

734
00:28:50,310 --> 00:28:47,360
yeah so we have certainly learned a lot

735
00:28:52,149 --> 00:28:50,320
about how to collect samples um but

736
00:28:54,789 --> 00:28:52,159
we'll probably still use some of the

737
00:28:56,870 --> 00:28:54,799
tried and tested approaches that apollo

738
00:28:59,110 --> 00:28:56,880
did i mean rakes are still really good

739
00:29:01,510 --> 00:28:59,120
at kind of sieving through the the

740
00:29:04,549 --> 00:29:01,520
regolith the lunar dust to pick up small

741
00:29:06,630 --> 00:29:04,559
bits that could be used to for instance

742
00:29:09,110 --> 00:29:06,640
get the date of the rock how old it is

743
00:29:11,029 --> 00:29:09,120
since the event that helped create that

744
00:29:13,510 --> 00:29:11,039
rock

745
00:29:15,430 --> 00:29:13,520
we will probably still use hammers if we

746
00:29:17,590 --> 00:29:15,440
see bigger pieces of rock to try to

747
00:29:19,909 --> 00:29:17,600
break off a smaller piece

748
00:29:21,590 --> 00:29:19,919
there are things like tongs that maybe

749
00:29:23,909 --> 00:29:21,600
help us pick something up that's kind of

750
00:29:25,510 --> 00:29:23,919
harder to get to or harder to reach and

751
00:29:27,269 --> 00:29:25,520
we're certainly going to continue to use

752
00:29:29,110 --> 00:29:27,279
things like drive tubes like the sample

753
00:29:31,510 --> 00:29:29,120
that we're talking about today from

754
00:29:33,350 --> 00:29:31,520
apollo i mean these are all you know

755
00:29:35,830 --> 00:29:33,360
fundamental techniques for how to

756
00:29:38,070 --> 00:29:35,840
collect samples i think what we'll see

757
00:29:39,190 --> 00:29:38,080
is little little changes to it you know

758
00:29:44,149 --> 00:29:39,200
the

759
00:29:46,149 --> 00:29:44,159
might articulate slightly differently or

760
00:29:48,389 --> 00:29:46,159
might not articulate if we found that it

761
00:29:49,430 --> 00:29:48,399
was difficult or it got kind of caught

762
00:29:51,669 --> 00:29:49,440
up and

763
00:29:52,710 --> 00:29:51,679
gets dusk in the gears or anything like

764
00:29:54,470 --> 00:29:52,720
that so

765
00:29:56,549 --> 00:29:54,480
um i think what you will see is kind of

766
00:29:57,590 --> 00:29:56,559
a refinement to the way we collect

767
00:29:59,830 --> 00:29:57,600
samples

768
00:30:02,549 --> 00:29:59,840
um until we get into some of these

769
00:30:04,630 --> 00:30:02,559
really dark places where we think we

770
00:30:06,310 --> 00:30:04,640
will find um

771
00:30:07,830 --> 00:30:06,320
larger amounts of water

772
00:30:09,750 --> 00:30:07,840
and really we're gonna have to learn

773
00:30:12,789 --> 00:30:09,760
what that environment is actually like

774
00:30:15,269 --> 00:30:12,799
how cold is it um i mentioned earlier

775
00:30:17,190 --> 00:30:15,279
we don't actually know what the makeup

776
00:30:19,430 --> 00:30:17,200
of the water is inside there and there's

777
00:30:21,909 --> 00:30:19,440
probably other volatiles mixed in some

778
00:30:24,630 --> 00:30:21,919
that aren't so good for us to maybe have

779
00:30:25,909 --> 00:30:24,640
uh have around us or be exposed to so

780
00:30:27,510 --> 00:30:25,919
what we're going to have to learn a lot

781
00:30:29,909 --> 00:30:27,520
about that environment

782
00:30:31,909 --> 00:30:29,919
before we can probably determine exactly

783
00:30:33,029 --> 00:30:31,919
how we want to collect those kinds of

784
00:30:35,110 --> 00:30:33,039
samples

785
00:30:36,950 --> 00:30:35,120
we also are going to have to learn

786
00:30:38,549 --> 00:30:36,960
and this sample from apollo will help us

787
00:30:39,909 --> 00:30:38,559
how to contain them

788
00:30:41,830 --> 00:30:39,919
but we also have to think about how to

789
00:30:44,149 --> 00:30:41,840
transport them so

790
00:30:46,470 --> 00:30:44,159
if we want to get a piece of ice from

791
00:30:48,549 --> 00:30:46,480
the moon back here to our colleagues at

792
00:30:50,950 --> 00:30:48,559
the johnson space center

793
00:30:52,470 --> 00:30:50,960
we have to have a whole system that

794
00:30:53,909 --> 00:30:52,480
keeps it cold

795
00:30:56,310 --> 00:30:53,919
and it might be that the first few we

796
00:30:57,909 --> 00:30:56,320
try to bring back don't stay cold enough

797
00:30:59,110 --> 00:30:57,919
and just like the sample we're talking

798
00:31:01,909 --> 00:30:59,120
about it may

799
00:31:03,750 --> 00:31:01,919
melt or vaporize into gas and we would

800
00:31:04,950 --> 00:31:03,760
have that gas trapped inside the

801
00:31:06,149 --> 00:31:04,960
container

802
00:31:07,750 --> 00:31:06,159
because of what we're learning from

803
00:31:09,669 --> 00:31:07,760
apollo

804
00:31:11,590 --> 00:31:09,679
but ultimately we'd really love to give

805
00:31:13,509 --> 00:31:11,600
the scientists a piece of you know

806
00:31:14,950 --> 00:31:13,519
honest to goodness lunar ice because

807
00:31:17,029 --> 00:31:14,960
that's what they tell us they really

808
00:31:18,549 --> 00:31:17,039
want to get to so we got to learn how to

809
00:31:21,110 --> 00:31:18,559
do that this is a whole process this

810
00:31:22,710 --> 00:31:21,120
really is fundamental exploration in the

811
00:31:23,990 --> 00:31:22,720
truest sense we're going to a place

812
00:31:25,830 --> 00:31:24,000
we've never been

813
00:31:28,870 --> 00:31:25,840
uh and we're going to do things we've

814
00:31:31,350 --> 00:31:28,880
never done before and so every bit of

815
00:31:33,110 --> 00:31:31,360
science and technology demonstration

816
00:31:35,590 --> 00:31:33,120
that we've done starting with apollo

817
00:31:37,509 --> 00:31:35,600
onto now uh is critical in understanding

818
00:31:39,350 --> 00:31:37,519
how to do that i mean we really

819
00:31:41,830 --> 00:31:39,360
are standing on the shoulders of giants

820
00:31:45,669 --> 00:31:41,840
who who started this process for us and

821
00:31:49,669 --> 00:31:47,509
so we have a question from holly hughes

822
00:31:53,110 --> 00:31:49,679
on youtube who asks

823
00:31:55,590 --> 00:31:53,120
why do we need to bring a rune mark a

824
00:32:00,789 --> 00:31:55,600
moon rock to earth what exactly do you

825
00:32:05,669 --> 00:32:03,350
i mean i can take a first crack at that

826
00:32:07,509 --> 00:32:05,679
you know we we can also take instruments

827
00:32:10,389 --> 00:32:07,519
to the moon okay so we've flown

828
00:32:11,750 --> 00:32:10,399
instruments on spacecraft um for

829
00:32:14,070 --> 00:32:11,760
instance the lunar reconnaissance

830
00:32:15,509 --> 00:32:14,080
orbiter has collected some of the images

831
00:32:18,389 --> 00:32:15,519
that you've shown

832
00:32:20,149 --> 00:32:18,399
while we were talking here

833
00:32:21,990 --> 00:32:20,159
other nations have sent spacecraft as

834
00:32:23,830 --> 00:32:22,000
well to collect data we can take those

835
00:32:25,909 --> 00:32:23,840
instruments to the surface apollo took

836
00:32:27,909 --> 00:32:25,919
instruments as well to the surface the

837
00:32:30,389 --> 00:32:27,919
problem is you can't take like the

838
00:32:32,470 --> 00:32:30,399
really best cutting edge type of thing

839
00:32:34,710 --> 00:32:32,480
the thing that really makes the good

840
00:32:38,070 --> 00:32:34,720
detailed analysis the reason we saved

841
00:32:39,990 --> 00:32:38,080
these samples until just now to open up

842
00:32:41,669 --> 00:32:40,000
you know some of these these

843
00:32:43,509 --> 00:32:41,679
these measurements are done by

844
00:32:44,950 --> 00:32:43,519
instruments that are big they're you

845
00:32:46,870 --> 00:32:44,960
know sometimes

846
00:32:48,149 --> 00:32:46,880
you know a whole room is where you put

847
00:32:49,750 --> 00:32:48,159
that instrument just to make a

848
00:32:53,029 --> 00:32:49,760
measurement of a tiny little piece of

849
00:32:54,630 --> 00:32:53,039
lunar material and we can't take that at

850
00:32:56,710 --> 00:32:54,640
least not now

851
00:32:58,310 --> 00:32:56,720
so it's a combination it's not really

852
00:33:00,149 --> 00:32:58,320
one or the other we're gonna go to the

853
00:33:02,630 --> 00:33:00,159
moon and make measurements

854
00:33:04,389 --> 00:33:02,640
uh we'll make observations uh and we'll

855
00:33:06,149 --> 00:33:04,399
collect material to bring back to put

856
00:33:08,389 --> 00:33:06,159
into those better instruments here on

857
00:33:10,230 --> 00:33:08,399
earth so we can really dig down in there

858
00:33:14,310 --> 00:33:10,240
and get the real detailed information

859
00:33:19,029 --> 00:33:16,230
well jake juliana we've got more

860
00:33:21,269 --> 00:33:19,039
questions for you later on in the show

861
00:33:23,590 --> 00:33:21,279
but first let's hear from a very special

862
00:33:26,630 --> 00:33:23,600
guest who knows a thing or two about how

863
00:33:28,970 --> 00:33:26,640
these samples were collected because he

864
00:33:30,470 --> 00:33:28,980
was there

865
00:33:32,149 --> 00:33:30,480
[Music]

866
00:33:33,750 --> 00:33:32,159
one of the most important tools that we

867
00:33:34,870 --> 00:33:33,760
had was this

868
00:33:37,669 --> 00:33:34,880
core 2

869
00:33:40,149 --> 00:33:37,679
double drive tube and you could drive

870
00:33:41,350 --> 00:33:40,159
these into the surface now still very

871
00:33:42,870 --> 00:33:41,360
difficult

872
00:33:46,630 --> 00:33:42,880
it was the best we had and we got a

873
00:33:49,110 --> 00:33:46,640
quite a number of very good cores that

874
00:33:51,110 --> 00:33:49,120
are giving us new information it was

875
00:33:53,110 --> 00:33:51,120
anticipated early on in the apollo

876
00:33:56,310 --> 00:33:53,120
program that

877
00:33:58,789 --> 00:33:56,320
analytical technology would mature would

878
00:34:00,789 --> 00:33:58,799
become much more sophisticated with time

879
00:34:03,110 --> 00:34:00,799
that we could gain new information from

880
00:34:05,350 --> 00:34:03,120
the same old samples it makes it

881
00:34:11,109 --> 00:34:05,360
very very exciting for everybody in fact

882
00:34:16,470 --> 00:34:14,069
i'm now joined by andrea mozi apollo

883
00:34:19,669 --> 00:34:16,480
processor who has worked in the moon

884
00:34:21,589 --> 00:34:19,679
sample lab for 46 years

885
00:34:24,069 --> 00:34:21,599
andre is part of the team responsible

886
00:34:27,669 --> 00:34:24,079
for this historic sample opening thank

887
00:34:31,430 --> 00:34:27,679
you so much for being with us here today

888
00:34:33,750 --> 00:34:31,440
thanks for inviting me it's my pleasure

889
00:34:35,510 --> 00:34:33,760
so andrea you are in the room where it

890
00:34:37,909 --> 00:34:35,520
happened can you tell us what that was

891
00:34:43,990 --> 00:34:41,349
it was very exciting the entire process

892
00:34:45,510 --> 00:34:44,000
of removing the sample from the core

893
00:34:48,629 --> 00:34:45,520
cabinet

894
00:34:50,710 --> 00:34:48,639
assisting with the gas analysis team

895
00:34:55,109 --> 00:34:50,720
then moved the sample over in the core

896
00:34:58,230 --> 00:34:55,119
cabinet for opening up and the extrusion

897
00:35:00,230 --> 00:34:58,240
it was historical it was very exciting

898
00:35:03,109 --> 00:35:00,240
this is the first time

899
00:35:04,390 --> 00:35:03,119
that anyone got to see the sample and we

900
00:35:07,349 --> 00:35:04,400
were the first

901
00:35:09,670 --> 00:35:07,359
ones to lay eyes upon it yes that was

902
00:35:11,910 --> 00:35:09,680
amazing

903
00:35:13,030 --> 00:35:11,920
and you've seen many lunar samples

904
00:35:17,349 --> 00:35:13,040
opened

905
00:35:19,589 --> 00:35:17,359
how was this one different for you

906
00:35:22,790 --> 00:35:19,599
the samples we processed daily were

907
00:35:25,670 --> 00:35:22,800
returned by the astronauts in rock boxes

908
00:35:29,030 --> 00:35:25,680
and bags those samples

909
00:35:32,470 --> 00:35:29,040
were then weighed packaged back and

910
00:35:34,790 --> 00:35:32,480
stored in our pristine sample vault

911
00:35:38,069 --> 00:35:34,800
they remain there until scientists

912
00:35:40,230 --> 00:35:38,079
researchers request them for allocations

913
00:35:43,589 --> 00:35:40,240
the samples that we're opening now the

914
00:35:45,270 --> 00:35:43,599
core samples have never been open

915
00:35:47,910 --> 00:35:45,280
never seen

916
00:35:50,550 --> 00:35:47,920
never researched by anyone so for them

917
00:35:52,790 --> 00:35:50,560
to be open now and we were the first to

918
00:35:56,710 --> 00:35:52,800
open the container and the first to see

919
00:36:00,150 --> 00:35:58,390
that is so exciting

920
00:36:02,470 --> 00:36:00,160
andrea thank you so much for being with

921
00:36:04,950 --> 00:36:02,480
us and huge congratulations on a

922
00:36:07,109 --> 00:36:04,960
successful luna sample opening best of

923
00:36:09,829 --> 00:36:07,119
luck over the coming months

924
00:36:11,750 --> 00:36:09,839
thank you so much

925
00:36:14,230 --> 00:36:11,760
now don't go anywhere we'll be back to

926
00:36:16,230 --> 00:36:14,240
answer more of your questions but first

927
00:36:21,829 --> 00:36:16,240
let's take a look at what this luna

928
00:36:27,030 --> 00:36:24,790
for over 50 years nasa astronauts and

929
00:36:29,190 --> 00:36:27,040
scientists have explored the universe

930
00:36:31,430 --> 00:36:29,200
searching for ways to study the elements

931
00:36:33,270 --> 00:36:31,440
and materials that make up the solar

932
00:36:35,430 --> 00:36:33,280
system

933
00:36:37,510 --> 00:36:35,440
in nasa's early days the apollo

934
00:36:39,589 --> 00:36:37,520
astronauts walked the lunar surface to

935
00:36:41,510 --> 00:36:39,599
collect moon rocks and soil for study

936
00:36:44,349 --> 00:36:41,520
back on earth

937
00:36:48,310 --> 00:36:44,359
in all apollo explorers sampled

938
00:36:51,030 --> 00:36:48,320
842 pounds of lunar material

939
00:36:53,430 --> 00:36:51,040
today those precious samples are curated

940
00:36:56,150 --> 00:36:53,440
within nasa's astro materials research

941
00:36:57,910 --> 00:36:56,160
and exploration science division or

942
00:36:59,990 --> 00:36:57,920
aries

943
00:37:01,750 --> 00:37:00,000
many of those lunar samples are stored

944
00:37:04,310 --> 00:37:01,760
in their lunar sample laboratory

945
00:37:06,310 --> 00:37:04,320
facility at nasa's johnson space center

946
00:37:08,310 --> 00:37:06,320
in houston texas

947
00:37:10,150 --> 00:37:08,320
nasa curators work to preserve the

948
00:37:11,990 --> 00:37:10,160
samples for ongoing and future

949
00:37:14,310 --> 00:37:12,000
scientific research

950
00:37:17,030 --> 00:37:14,320
the samples are protected in secure and

951
00:37:19,270 --> 00:37:17,040
environmentally controlled vaults

952
00:37:21,510 --> 00:37:19,280
each sample is sorted by mission and

953
00:37:23,510 --> 00:37:21,520
stored in teflon based bags that are

954
00:37:24,790 --> 00:37:23,520
kept in cabinets filled with nitrogen

955
00:37:25,990 --> 00:37:24,800
gas

956
00:37:28,069 --> 00:37:26,000
to this day

957
00:37:29,990 --> 00:37:28,079
scientists from around the world study

958
00:37:31,750 --> 00:37:30,000
and analyze the samples to answer

959
00:37:34,069 --> 00:37:31,760
important questions about the moon's

960
00:37:36,230 --> 00:37:34,079
formation and history

961
00:37:38,230 --> 00:37:36,240
to preserve their integrity nasa

962
00:37:40,150 --> 00:37:38,240
curators follow strict safety and

963
00:37:41,510 --> 00:37:40,160
handling processes when working with

964
00:37:43,910 --> 00:37:41,520
samples

965
00:37:45,109 --> 00:37:43,920
it begins with a laminar airflow change

966
00:37:47,349 --> 00:37:45,119
room

967
00:37:50,390 --> 00:37:47,359
this minute-long air shower keeps the

968
00:37:52,790 --> 00:37:50,400
labs where they work pristinely clean

969
00:37:55,910 --> 00:37:52,800
airy scientists must also wear special

970
00:37:58,390 --> 00:37:55,920
gear including a whole body non-particle

971
00:38:00,230 --> 00:37:58,400
shedding polyester bunny suit and triple

972
00:38:02,470 --> 00:38:00,240
layered gloves

973
00:38:05,109 --> 00:38:02,480
they also use custom tools to protect

974
00:38:07,349 --> 00:38:05,119
the samples moon rocks may only be

975
00:38:09,430 --> 00:38:07,359
touched with teflon aluminum or

976
00:38:12,310 --> 00:38:09,440
stainless steel tools and the dry

977
00:38:14,150 --> 00:38:12,320
nitrogen atmosphere around them

978
00:38:16,069 --> 00:38:14,160
this allows curators to carefully

979
00:38:19,349 --> 00:38:16,079
examine samples while maintaining their

980
00:38:21,510 --> 00:38:19,359
original condition this process ensures

981
00:38:24,069 --> 00:38:21,520
the samples are not contaminated or

982
00:38:27,030 --> 00:38:24,079
destroyed and can be used to produce

983
00:38:29,270 --> 00:38:27,040
scientifically accurate results

984
00:38:31,190 --> 00:38:29,280
technological advancements including

985
00:38:33,910 --> 00:38:31,200
next generation microscopes and other

986
00:38:36,230 --> 00:38:33,920
devices allow researchers to examine the

987
00:38:38,230 --> 00:38:36,240
samples through new methods resulting in

988
00:38:42,150 --> 00:38:38,240
important discoveries that answer some

989
00:38:45,670 --> 00:38:43,750
we have a lot of questions coming in

990
00:38:47,349 --> 00:38:45,680
online if you have questions for our

991
00:38:48,950 --> 00:38:47,359
experts send them in by commenting in

992
00:38:51,910 --> 00:38:48,960
the stream wherever you're watching or

993
00:38:52,950 --> 00:38:51,920
by using the hashtag asknasser on social

994
00:38:56,230 --> 00:38:52,960
media

995
00:38:58,390 --> 00:38:56,240
so let's dig in uh bassboy logos on

996
00:39:00,870 --> 00:38:58,400
youtube asks are there plans to bring

997
00:39:03,109 --> 00:39:00,880
out bring back more lunar samples with

998
00:39:06,069 --> 00:39:03,119
the starship human landing system or

999
00:39:08,710 --> 00:39:06,079
artemis programs

1000
00:39:10,550 --> 00:39:08,720
well the artemis program absolutely has

1001
00:39:12,310 --> 00:39:10,560
objectives associated with bringing back

1002
00:39:13,990 --> 00:39:12,320
samples and

1003
00:39:15,670 --> 00:39:14,000
the way that we're doing the missions

1004
00:39:17,589 --> 00:39:15,680
now is working with our commercial

1005
00:39:19,430 --> 00:39:17,599
partners to build many of the key

1006
00:39:22,230 --> 00:39:19,440
elements um

1007
00:39:24,150 --> 00:39:22,240
so the uh the spacex starship that was

1008
00:39:26,230 --> 00:39:24,160
referred to in the question is one of

1009
00:39:27,910 --> 00:39:26,240
the parts of the pathway

1010
00:39:30,710 --> 00:39:27,920
that's going to get us to the surface

1011
00:39:32,710 --> 00:39:30,720
for artemis iii uh so it's going to be

1012
00:39:35,510 --> 00:39:32,720
able to transport our astronauts from a

1013
00:39:37,589 --> 00:39:35,520
lunar orbit uh where our space launch

1014
00:39:39,109 --> 00:39:37,599
system and orion spacecraft will deliver

1015
00:39:40,790 --> 00:39:39,119
the astronauts so they'll go into a

1016
00:39:41,750 --> 00:39:40,800
lunar orbit and then they'll get on

1017
00:39:43,829 --> 00:39:41,760
board

1018
00:39:45,430 --> 00:39:43,839
with the spacex lander and then they'll

1019
00:39:46,870 --> 00:39:45,440
go to the surface

1020
00:39:49,190 --> 00:39:46,880
they'll do their work and then that will

1021
00:39:51,270 --> 00:39:49,200
bring them back up to lunar orbit so

1022
00:39:53,750 --> 00:39:51,280
it's a critical piece of the pathway and

1023
00:39:55,030 --> 00:39:53,760
i mentioned earlier how you have these

1024
00:39:57,030 --> 00:39:55,040
samples are going to go through a

1025
00:39:58,630 --> 00:39:57,040
pathway to get them back here to earth

1026
00:39:59,829 --> 00:39:58,640
and so each part of that pathway is

1027
00:40:02,310 --> 00:39:59,839
critical

1028
00:40:03,910 --> 00:40:02,320
so and every part of it is is working

1029
00:40:06,630 --> 00:40:03,920
with a different partner out there in

1030
00:40:08,630 --> 00:40:06,640
our commercial community so really is an

1031
00:40:10,309 --> 00:40:08,640
exciting time to be thinking about

1032
00:40:12,470 --> 00:40:10,319
sending our astronauts there bringing

1033
00:40:13,910 --> 00:40:12,480
them home with rocks from the moon i

1034
00:40:16,069 --> 00:40:13,920
mean it's just a it's a really cool

1035
00:40:17,589 --> 00:40:16,079
process and we're really looking forward

1036
00:40:20,710 --> 00:40:17,599
to all the collaboration we have with so

1037
00:40:27,109 --> 00:40:23,510
erisius on twitter asked why were the

1038
00:40:29,670 --> 00:40:27,119
samples sealed for 50 years

1039
00:40:32,150 --> 00:40:29,680
okay so the samples were sealed because

1040
00:40:33,349 --> 00:40:32,160
nasa had the good foresight they knew

1041
00:40:35,670 --> 00:40:33,359
that

1042
00:40:37,430 --> 00:40:35,680
technology will evolve with time they

1043
00:40:38,790 --> 00:40:37,440
knew that um

1044
00:40:42,710 --> 00:40:38,800
we

1045
00:40:45,030 --> 00:40:42,720
didn't even know how to ask or why to

1046
00:40:46,630 --> 00:40:45,040
ask in the past and so the more we learn

1047
00:40:48,630 --> 00:40:46,640
about the moon and the moon earth

1048
00:40:50,950 --> 00:40:48,640
formation seems to have a a shared

1049
00:40:53,349 --> 00:40:50,960
formation history the more questions we

1050
00:40:55,990 --> 00:40:53,359
can ask um and the more technology gets

1051
00:40:57,990 --> 00:40:56,000
evolved the the more detailed of

1052
00:40:59,829 --> 00:40:58,000
questions we can ask to really you know

1053
00:41:02,309 --> 00:40:59,839
extract the information that are stored

1054
00:41:04,470 --> 00:41:02,319
in these in these samples and nasa knew

1055
00:41:06,950 --> 00:41:04,480
that 50 years ago and so that's why they

1056
00:41:09,829 --> 00:41:06,960
kept a subset of samples

1057
00:41:11,910 --> 00:41:09,839
sealed and safe so that future

1058
00:41:14,069 --> 00:41:11,920
generations of lunar scientists get a

1059
00:41:15,829 --> 00:41:14,079
chance to like look at samples that

1060
00:41:18,710 --> 00:41:15,839
haven't been opened before and haven't

1061
00:41:23,430 --> 00:41:18,720
been contaminated to to any degree

1062
00:41:26,069 --> 00:41:23,440
and so that was really great and uh yeah

1063
00:41:29,510 --> 00:41:26,079
arthur on twitter asks what is it like

1064
00:41:35,190 --> 00:41:32,870
that's a really great question um

1065
00:41:37,349 --> 00:41:35,200
so we don't really touch the moon rocks

1066
00:41:39,829 --> 00:41:37,359
when we work with them because we're our

1067
00:41:41,589 --> 00:41:39,839
hands are gloved so in the movies you

1068
00:41:44,150 --> 00:41:41,599
have seen that we're wearing these bunny

1069
00:41:45,829 --> 00:41:44,160
suits right and then we have gloves on

1070
00:41:47,670 --> 00:41:45,839
and then you work with the samples

1071
00:41:50,230 --> 00:41:47,680
inside the glove box so you're sticking

1072
00:41:51,510 --> 00:41:50,240
your hands inside these these these big

1073
00:41:53,030 --> 00:41:51,520
black gloves that you see here in the

1074
00:41:55,910 --> 00:41:53,040
movie right now

1075
00:41:57,510 --> 00:41:55,920
um and so when you handle these these

1076
00:41:58,470 --> 00:41:57,520
samples

1077
00:42:00,710 --> 00:41:58,480
um

1078
00:42:02,870 --> 00:42:00,720
you can't really feel them you can you

1079
00:42:04,630 --> 00:42:02,880
can and the samples are back themselves

1080
00:42:06,390 --> 00:42:04,640
you know in teflon themselves and so you

1081
00:42:08,309 --> 00:42:06,400
can maybe feel the weight and how heavy

1082
00:42:09,589 --> 00:42:08,319
it is but you can't

1083
00:42:11,270 --> 00:42:09,599
you know really touch them with your

1084
00:42:13,670 --> 00:42:11,280
bare hands because we don't want to

1085
00:42:15,349 --> 00:42:13,680
contaminate the samples our our hands

1086
00:42:17,670 --> 00:42:15,359
are dirty no matter how well you wash

1087
00:42:19,670 --> 00:42:17,680
them there's there are always particles

1088
00:42:21,589 --> 00:42:19,680
and and and organics on it and so we

1089
00:42:23,670 --> 00:42:21,599
don't want to contaminate the samples of

1090
00:42:25,910 --> 00:42:23,680
any of that because researchers might

1091
00:42:27,990 --> 00:42:25,920
actually look at potential you know

1092
00:42:29,670 --> 00:42:28,000
organic building blocks um that might

1093
00:42:30,630 --> 00:42:29,680
have been existed on the lunar surface

1094
00:42:32,550 --> 00:42:30,640
and so

1095
00:42:34,309 --> 00:42:32,560
we really try very hard to keep the

1096
00:42:37,349 --> 00:42:34,319
samples as

1097
00:42:39,430 --> 00:42:37,359
protected from us as possible and that's

1098
00:42:40,710 --> 00:42:39,440
why nobody you know

1099
00:42:41,829 --> 00:42:40,720
grabs them and take them out of the

1100
00:42:45,270 --> 00:42:41,839
cabinet and it holds in their head

1101
00:42:47,670 --> 00:42:45,280
that's just not what we do

1102
00:42:49,829 --> 00:42:47,680
jordan on twitter asks how many lunar

1103
00:42:52,870 --> 00:42:49,839
samples does nasa hope to collect with

1104
00:42:53,670 --> 00:42:52,880
the artemis missions

1105
00:42:56,470 --> 00:42:53,680
well

1106
00:42:58,550 --> 00:42:56,480
we think about it more in a sense of how

1107
00:43:00,710 --> 00:42:58,560
much mass we can bring back because you

1108
00:43:03,589 --> 00:43:00,720
have to remember we're launching off of

1109
00:43:06,309 --> 00:43:03,599
the surface of the moon with rockets and

1110
00:43:07,829 --> 00:43:06,319
depending on how that that vehicle is

1111
00:43:10,309 --> 00:43:07,839
designed it can carry a certain amount

1112
00:43:12,230 --> 00:43:10,319
of mass and in fact that's why we are

1113
00:43:13,990 --> 00:43:12,240
trying to work with multiple different

1114
00:43:16,390 --> 00:43:14,000
partners because we want to see what

1115
00:43:18,870 --> 00:43:16,400
kind of creative solutions they have to

1116
00:43:21,030 --> 00:43:18,880
uh to launching launching mass off the

1117
00:43:23,030 --> 00:43:21,040
surface so the objectives that we have

1118
00:43:24,790 --> 00:43:23,040
on any given mission

1119
00:43:26,470 --> 00:43:24,800
yeah all the samples are also very

1120
00:43:29,030 --> 00:43:26,480
different so if you think about it you

1121
00:43:31,829 --> 00:43:29,040
know the astronauts can pick up like big

1122
00:43:33,750 --> 00:43:31,839
chunks of rocks or they can take um core

1123
00:43:36,230 --> 00:43:33,760
samples that just like we talked about

1124
00:43:37,750 --> 00:43:36,240
you know today here they can take like

1125
00:43:40,230 --> 00:43:37,760
they're just you know scrapes of the

1126
00:43:42,150 --> 00:43:40,240
surface and so it really is driven by

1127
00:43:44,710 --> 00:43:42,160
what kind of science question you want

1128
00:43:47,829 --> 00:43:44,720
to want to answer and that will also

1129
00:43:49,990 --> 00:43:47,839
drive what type of samples to collect um

1130
00:43:52,470 --> 00:43:50,000
and then and then as jake explained how

1131
00:43:54,230 --> 00:43:52,480
much mass you want for those samples and

1132
00:43:55,589 --> 00:43:54,240
so there's there's a lot of discussion

1133
00:43:58,309 --> 00:43:55,599
going on between all sorts of different

1134
00:44:00,230 --> 00:43:58,319
groups and scientists and engineers and

1135
00:44:02,630 --> 00:44:00,240
yeah

1136
00:44:08,150 --> 00:44:02,640
hopefully we bring that

1137
00:44:13,109 --> 00:44:10,790
um adesha on twitter asks doesn't the

1138
00:44:15,030 --> 00:44:13,119
oxygen and nitrogen in our atmosphere

1139
00:44:18,630 --> 00:44:15,040
react with the samples when they're

1140
00:44:20,309 --> 00:44:18,640
opened from the vacuum container

1141
00:44:23,109 --> 00:44:20,319
that's a very good question and the

1142
00:44:25,349 --> 00:44:23,119
answer is yes if we would take the

1143
00:44:26,630 --> 00:44:25,359
vacuum container and just pop the lid

1144
00:44:28,069 --> 00:44:26,640
open here

1145
00:44:29,990 --> 00:44:28,079
it would totally

1146
00:44:32,069 --> 00:44:30,000
interact and react and there's also

1147
00:44:34,230 --> 00:44:32,079
water in our atmosphere so you know that

1148
00:44:37,510 --> 00:44:34,240
would interact and that's why we don't

1149
00:44:39,030 --> 00:44:37,520
do that we have these special cabinets

1150
00:44:41,109 --> 00:44:39,040
in the apollo lab and they're filled

1151
00:44:42,950 --> 00:44:41,119
with nitrogen atmosphere

1152
00:44:45,670 --> 00:44:42,960
so it's just nitrogen which is inert so

1153
00:44:48,309 --> 00:44:45,680
it doesn't like to react with anything

1154
00:44:51,670 --> 00:44:48,319
and so that's why we open the vacuum

1155
00:44:53,910 --> 00:44:51,680
sealed containers in in there so that it

1156
00:44:55,510 --> 00:44:53,920
cannot react with anything and it stays

1157
00:44:56,950 --> 00:44:55,520
as pristine

1158
00:44:58,470 --> 00:44:56,960
as possible

1159
00:45:00,309 --> 00:44:58,480
yeah you can see me brushing off some of

1160
00:45:01,829 --> 00:45:00,319
the excess soil away there and so that's

1161
00:45:04,550 --> 00:45:01,839
the very very first picture that was

1162
00:45:06,390 --> 00:45:04,560
ever taken from this particular core

1163
00:45:09,670 --> 00:45:06,400
once we had it open now it's on monday

1164
00:45:14,550 --> 00:45:12,710
and so max on youtube asks was this

1165
00:45:16,630 --> 00:45:14,560
sample spoil

1166
00:45:20,710 --> 00:45:16,640
is it like soil on earth and did it

1167
00:45:22,390 --> 00:45:20,720
contain rope or any other organic marker

1168
00:45:23,990 --> 00:45:22,400
that's a very good question so part of

1169
00:45:26,390 --> 00:45:24,000
the angsa program

1170
00:45:28,470 --> 00:45:26,400
um is to look at the

1171
00:45:31,349 --> 00:45:28,480
the soil and we call it soil which i

1172
00:45:33,910 --> 00:45:31,359
guess is not quite correct on earth soil

1173
00:45:36,470 --> 00:45:33,920
the word soil is meant for um

1174
00:45:37,829 --> 00:45:36,480
dirt that has organic material in it um

1175
00:45:40,069 --> 00:45:37,839
we don't really have that on the moon

1176
00:45:41,829 --> 00:45:40,079
the correct term would be regolith um

1177
00:45:44,069 --> 00:45:41,839
which is our like the you know the

1178
00:45:46,630 --> 00:45:44,079
finely pulverized layer of the lunar

1179
00:45:48,710 --> 00:45:46,640
surface basically

1180
00:45:51,990 --> 00:45:48,720
and within the angsta team there are

1181
00:45:54,069 --> 00:45:52,000
people that look at the organic

1182
00:45:55,190 --> 00:45:54,079
compounds or organic building blocks so

1183
00:45:57,270 --> 00:45:55,200
to speak

1184
00:45:58,710 --> 00:45:57,280
and whether they can detect any in this

1185
00:46:01,109 --> 00:45:58,720
lunar soil

1186
00:46:02,950 --> 00:46:01,119
that's very very hard to do um because

1187
00:46:04,790 --> 00:46:02,960
the the moon doesn't have an atmosphere

1188
00:46:06,390 --> 00:46:04,800
and so the the solar radiation is

1189
00:46:07,589 --> 00:46:06,400
basically sterilizing

1190
00:46:10,150 --> 00:46:07,599
everything

1191
00:46:12,870 --> 00:46:10,160
and there's always the chance of that um

1192
00:46:14,710 --> 00:46:12,880
we have we are contaminating the sample

1193
00:46:16,710 --> 00:46:14,720
potentially you know

1194
00:46:18,309 --> 00:46:16,720
even if we try to have it in a very

1195
00:46:20,950 --> 00:46:18,319
pristine environment with nitrogen

1196
00:46:23,349 --> 00:46:20,960
atmosphere and so this particular study

1197
00:46:25,030 --> 00:46:23,359
from engsa is very important

1198
00:46:26,710 --> 00:46:25,040
for these researchers to look at what

1199
00:46:28,950 --> 00:46:26,720
they can find

1200
00:46:31,349 --> 00:46:28,960
and so when we're sending them samples

1201
00:46:33,430 --> 00:46:31,359
from this particular core we're also

1202
00:46:35,829 --> 00:46:33,440
sending them something that's called a

1203
00:46:38,390 --> 00:46:35,839
witness foil so when we open the sample

1204
00:46:40,630 --> 00:46:38,400
we are also opening a baked out aluminum

1205
00:46:42,790 --> 00:46:40,640
foil that sits in the cabinet that could

1206
00:46:44,950 --> 00:46:42,800
collect any potential contamination that

1207
00:46:46,950 --> 00:46:44,960
comes from earth basically and so then

1208
00:46:49,109 --> 00:46:46,960
they can compare their organics that

1209
00:46:51,109 --> 00:46:49,119
they find on the foil to the organic

1210
00:46:53,349 --> 00:46:51,119
compounds they find in the in the lunar

1211
00:46:54,870 --> 00:46:53,359
soil and then really understand whether

1212
00:46:56,550 --> 00:46:54,880
what they're seeing

1213
00:46:58,630 --> 00:46:56,560
uh is actually from the moon or what

1214
00:47:02,790 --> 00:46:58,640
they're seeing is from earth that got in

1215
00:47:08,309 --> 00:47:05,190
debbie schultz on facebook asks

1216
00:47:14,069 --> 00:47:08,319
has any of the moon dust been exposed

1217
00:47:17,910 --> 00:47:15,750
i'm sorry i kind of broke up there can

1218
00:47:20,309 --> 00:47:17,920
you say the request question again

1219
00:47:23,190 --> 00:47:20,319
yeah of course has any of the moon dust

1220
00:47:27,670 --> 00:47:23,200
being exposed to earth's atmosphere and

1221
00:47:32,710 --> 00:47:30,069
so when researchers and scientists

1222
00:47:36,069 --> 00:47:32,720
request lunar samples

1223
00:47:38,390 --> 00:47:36,079
sometimes they they they want to do

1224
00:47:39,990 --> 00:47:38,400
measurements um in

1225
00:47:41,910 --> 00:47:40,000
which they have to open the sample and

1226
00:47:44,390 --> 00:47:41,920
put it inside an instrument for example

1227
00:47:45,910 --> 00:47:44,400
so when we allocate them the samples um

1228
00:47:48,150 --> 00:47:45,920
we put them in containers and we seal

1229
00:47:49,270 --> 00:47:48,160
them in a teflon wax we send them out

1230
00:47:51,670 --> 00:47:49,280
but then

1231
00:47:53,670 --> 00:47:51,680
in their labs they will actually open

1232
00:47:55,030 --> 00:47:53,680
the teflon bags you know the nitrogen

1233
00:47:57,030 --> 00:47:55,040
atmosphere escapes and then they will

1234
00:47:58,549 --> 00:47:57,040
open the little containers and pour the

1235
00:48:00,069 --> 00:47:58,559
soil out

1236
00:48:03,109 --> 00:48:00,079
onto a surface that then they can

1237
00:48:05,829 --> 00:48:03,119
analyze it and so yes soil definitely

1238
00:48:07,270 --> 00:48:05,839
has been exposed through research to

1239
00:48:09,270 --> 00:48:07,280
earth atmosphere

1240
00:48:11,829 --> 00:48:09,280
um

1241
00:48:14,870 --> 00:48:11,839
and i don't know how

1242
00:48:17,589 --> 00:48:14,880
that would change the soil over time if

1243
00:48:19,109 --> 00:48:17,599
you have it exposed long term in earth

1244
00:48:20,470 --> 00:48:19,119
atmosphere you know it could maybe

1245
00:48:22,470 --> 00:48:20,480
change slightly just because we have

1246
00:48:24,069 --> 00:48:22,480
water in our atmosphere and so that can

1247
00:48:25,670 --> 00:48:24,079
interact with iron and maybe form a

1248
00:48:28,390 --> 00:48:25,680
little bit of rust

1249
00:48:33,030 --> 00:48:28,400
but i don't think that it changes a lot

1250
00:48:37,430 --> 00:48:34,950
and so the last question i have for you

1251
00:48:39,430 --> 00:48:37,440
is one of my own uh what advice would

1252
00:48:41,589 --> 00:48:39,440
you give to someone aspiring to get

1253
00:48:45,910 --> 00:48:41,599
involved with nasa's sample curation

1254
00:48:45,920 --> 00:48:49,190
i'm going to like take answer

1255
00:48:53,829 --> 00:48:51,750
okay i'll take it first i'll go first um

1256
00:48:56,470 --> 00:48:53,839
yeah that's a wonderful question i i

1257
00:48:58,630 --> 00:48:56,480
love this question um you know the way i

1258
00:48:59,349 --> 00:48:58,640
like to answer this question is first of

1259
00:49:01,829 --> 00:48:59,359
all

1260
00:49:03,030 --> 00:49:01,839
figure out what you like to do

1261
00:49:04,710 --> 00:49:03,040
what really

1262
00:49:06,069 --> 00:49:04,720
motivates you to get out of bed in the

1263
00:49:07,750 --> 00:49:06,079
morning what are you excited about when

1264
00:49:10,150 --> 00:49:07,760
you wake up because i can almost

1265
00:49:11,670 --> 00:49:10,160
guarantee you whatever that is nasa has

1266
00:49:14,790 --> 00:49:11,680
people that do that

1267
00:49:16,870 --> 00:49:14,800
so think about that you know try not

1268
00:49:18,630 --> 00:49:16,880
necessarily to be exactly what you think

1269
00:49:20,549 --> 00:49:18,640
nasa needs today

1270
00:49:22,549 --> 00:49:20,559
it's more about what nasa's going to

1271
00:49:24,790 --> 00:49:22,559
need to do in the future

1272
00:49:27,430 --> 00:49:24,800
how you know just like this this apollo

1273
00:49:29,750 --> 00:49:27,440
50 or this sample from 50 years ago from

1274
00:49:31,750 --> 00:49:29,760
apollo is a great example

1275
00:49:33,829 --> 00:49:31,760
if we had only ever tried to build

1276
00:49:35,430 --> 00:49:33,839
instruments the way they were back then

1277
00:49:37,349 --> 00:49:35,440
we wouldn't have even needed to preserve

1278
00:49:39,030 --> 00:49:37,359
a sample this long but it's all the

1279
00:49:41,430 --> 00:49:39,040
creativity

1280
00:49:43,430 --> 00:49:41,440
everything we've learned in 50 years

1281
00:49:44,390 --> 00:49:43,440
that has put us in a position to do this

1282
00:49:48,870 --> 00:49:44,400
all the

1283
00:49:50,790 --> 00:49:48,880
the folks who think about that

1284
00:49:54,230 --> 00:49:50,800
they're the ones who really enabled us

1285
00:49:58,069 --> 00:49:54,240
to do what we're doing now um artemis

1286
00:50:00,470 --> 00:49:58,079
is just this exciting complicated

1287
00:50:02,870 --> 00:50:00,480
solution to a really difficult problem

1288
00:50:06,069 --> 00:50:02,880
going to the south pole of the moon to

1289
00:50:08,870 --> 00:50:06,079
collect samples make observations i i

1290
00:50:11,910 --> 00:50:08,880
can all but guarantee you that we need

1291
00:50:13,990 --> 00:50:11,920
such a diverse group of folks to work on

1292
00:50:16,710 --> 00:50:14,000
these problems

1293
00:50:18,630 --> 00:50:16,720
so you know that said you know

1294
00:50:20,390 --> 00:50:18,640
understanding math science and

1295
00:50:23,349 --> 00:50:20,400
engineering you know those are really

1296
00:50:25,589 --> 00:50:23,359
key things here um but we we're going to

1297
00:50:27,349 --> 00:50:25,599
have to work with partners so you know

1298
00:50:29,510 --> 00:50:27,359
understanding how to talk to our

1299
00:50:31,990 --> 00:50:29,520
international partners so

1300
00:50:34,069 --> 00:50:32,000
overcoming language barriers you know we

1301
00:50:36,230 --> 00:50:34,079
need help communicating there there's

1302
00:50:38,309 --> 00:50:36,240
just so many different ways that you

1303
00:50:41,109 --> 00:50:38,319
could end up working for nasa it's

1304
00:50:43,030 --> 00:50:41,119
really hard to say one i'm a geologist i

1305
00:50:43,829 --> 00:50:43,040
study geology for

1306
00:50:45,510 --> 00:50:43,839
um

1307
00:50:49,190 --> 00:50:45,520
my whole way through school to i got a

1308
00:50:51,510 --> 00:50:49,200
phd and then you know now i work in a

1309
00:50:53,670 --> 00:50:51,520
community that's almost all engineers so

1310
00:50:55,990 --> 00:50:53,680
now my job is to communicate with people

1311
00:50:58,549 --> 00:50:56,000
like juliana who still do the science

1312
00:51:01,190 --> 00:50:58,559
all the time and you know so you never

1313
00:51:03,349 --> 00:51:01,200
know where your path is going to lead so

1314
00:51:05,670 --> 00:51:03,359
find something you really like

1315
00:51:07,750 --> 00:51:05,680
and start learning how that fits into or

1316
00:51:10,870 --> 00:51:07,760
maybe solves a problem down the road for

1317
00:51:13,430 --> 00:51:10,880
us because that's what we really need

1318
00:51:15,589 --> 00:51:13,440
yeah yeah i my answer is pretty similar

1319
00:51:17,030 --> 00:51:15,599
to what jay just said you know if you

1320
00:51:17,910 --> 00:51:17,040
figure out what you're really passionate

1321
00:51:19,589 --> 00:51:17,920
about

1322
00:51:21,270 --> 00:51:19,599
and and that can then be your driving

1323
00:51:23,270 --> 00:51:21,280
force and because you're passionate and

1324
00:51:24,630 --> 00:51:23,280
excited about it that automatically

1325
00:51:26,390 --> 00:51:24,640
means that you're also going to be good

1326
00:51:27,190 --> 00:51:26,400
at it because that's what you want to do

1327
00:51:28,710 --> 00:51:27,200
right

1328
00:51:30,790 --> 00:51:28,720
and so once you figure that out there

1329
00:51:32,390 --> 00:51:30,800
are so many ways to get involved also

1330
00:51:34,870 --> 00:51:32,400
with curation

1331
00:51:37,030 --> 00:51:34,880
and processing these samples i also have

1332
00:51:38,950 --> 00:51:37,040
a geology background but my ideology

1333
00:51:41,109 --> 00:51:38,960
background started with earth so i

1334
00:51:42,710 --> 00:51:41,119
studied earth and then

1335
00:51:44,390 --> 00:51:42,720
when i

1336
00:51:46,470 --> 00:51:44,400
got a phd

1337
00:51:48,549 --> 00:51:46,480
after that um that was still

1338
00:51:50,870 --> 00:51:48,559
earth-related i switched fields and then

1339
00:51:53,109 --> 00:51:50,880
became a planetary scientist afterwards

1340
00:51:54,470 --> 00:51:53,119
and so you know if you go to school and

1341
00:51:55,990 --> 00:51:54,480
even to university and you're not

1342
00:51:58,230 --> 00:51:56,000
exactly sure where you fit or what you

1343
00:51:59,829 --> 00:51:58,240
want to do um just because you started

1344
00:52:01,750 --> 00:51:59,839
out in one field doesn't mean that you

1345
00:52:03,349 --> 00:52:01,760
cannot end up in a different field you

1346
00:52:05,270 --> 00:52:03,359
know and so there are so many

1347
00:52:07,829 --> 00:52:05,280
opportunities and that you know ranges

1348
00:52:09,349 --> 00:52:07,839
from geologists to engineers to to

1349
00:52:11,030 --> 00:52:09,359
medical people you know we need to

1350
00:52:12,390 --> 00:52:11,040
understand what the dust really does to

1351
00:52:15,030 --> 00:52:12,400
the bod the human bodies once the

1352
00:52:18,069 --> 00:52:15,040
astronauts are on the on the surface um

1353
00:52:20,309 --> 00:52:18,079
artists and and outreach people you know

1354
00:52:22,150 --> 00:52:20,319
all of everybody is really important um

1355
00:52:25,109 --> 00:52:22,160
for these missions and because

1356
00:52:27,349 --> 00:52:25,119
artemis is a is a plan to actually stay

1357
00:52:30,150 --> 00:52:27,359
on the lunar surface you know there are

1358
00:52:32,630 --> 00:52:30,160
so many years to come and i i get so

1359
00:52:35,030 --> 00:52:32,640
excited about it when i think about our

1360
00:52:37,589 --> 00:52:35,040
kids right like they will grow up with

1361
00:52:39,750 --> 00:52:37,599
artemis and they get to

1362
00:52:41,589 --> 00:52:39,760
maybe even go to the moon and like look

1363
00:52:44,309 --> 00:52:41,599
at these samples that are being brought

1364
00:52:45,990 --> 00:52:44,319
back and so that's all really really

1365
00:52:49,829 --> 00:52:46,000
exciting and so just you know keep

1366
00:52:54,230 --> 00:52:52,150
well that is all we have time for today

1367
00:52:55,990 --> 00:52:54,240
juliana jake thank you so much for

1368
00:52:58,470 --> 00:52:56,000
joining us and answering so many

1369
00:52:59,829 --> 00:52:58,480
questions from everyone online

1370
00:53:01,030 --> 00:52:59,839
you're very welcome this was a lot of

1371
00:53:02,630 --> 00:53:01,040
fun

1372
00:53:04,150 --> 00:53:02,640
yeah i'm glad people have so many

1373
00:53:05,990 --> 00:53:04,160
questions this is this is what it's all

1374
00:53:07,910 --> 00:53:06,000
about

1375
00:53:10,790 --> 00:53:07,920
and thank you to everyone online for

1376
00:53:12,630 --> 00:53:10,800
participating in today's episode to stay

1377
00:53:15,190 --> 00:53:12,640
updated on all the science planned for

1378
00:53:18,390 --> 00:53:15,200
the moon follow nasa moon on facebook

1379
00:53:20,549 --> 00:53:18,400
and twitter you can also visit nasa.gov

1380
00:53:22,630 --> 00:53:20,559
moon for the latest news

1381
00:53:24,309 --> 00:53:22,640
nasa plans to send science technology

1382
00:53:26,309 --> 00:53:24,319
and humans to the moon with the artemis

1383
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program and the first launch of the

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rocket that will send humans to the moon

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happens this year and so for updates

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follow nasa artemis on facebook and

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twitter

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[Music]

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i have a feather

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and my right hand a hammer